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What is the origin of life? - Pt.1

patently this is possibly the second question that can happen to anyone thinking of a second in topics related to biology. All this of atoms and molecular structures is very nice ... but must have arisen from somewhere, right? How is orchestrated to give rise to what today we understand as "life?

The most important evidence on this subject is given by Louis Pasteur, in his famous experiment on the spontaneous origin of life ... essentially showed that If microorganisms are prevented from falling into a flask inverted tip (with sterile culture medium in), no crop could appear in it. As a control experiment (ie, to support the alternative hypothesis) presented a normal tip flask and exposed to air another developed a culture of microorganisms inside. In its simplest form, showed that microorganisms in the air should to cause to fall into life inside the flask and therefore is not spontaneously generated only because the conditions (culture medium) were favorable. The refutation of Pasteur was a revolution in its time and gave rise to the most important question that has become biology ... If all life is based on one life, then, life has always existed?

Although it may seem ridiculous this is an assumption that modern science is still unable to rebut with actual data. So much so that the proposal has curdled into a lot of science and is known as Panspermia hypothesis ("Pan" indicating the whole and "Sperma" meaning seed), in which the seeds of life would be scattered throughout the universe and widespread wherever possible.

Within the modern hypothesis of Panspermia, the origin of life on Earth is supposed to come from Mars (where the meteorite ALH84001 appears to be the only evidence of possible extraterrestrial life clearly in the form of micro-organisms).

modern
The other hypothesis is the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin. In his epitomesca work, Darwin proposed that all species should arise from an earlier, yet there must be a species that is the ancestor of all that we can find. However, Darwin quickly corrected by saying that it could also be possible for life to have emerged at many different points of the planet and even at different times of life on Earth. But thanks to modern genetic studies, there can be little doubt that all living species and all those known from a single common ancestor (which does not mean that all species that ever existed have come from the same common ancestor) .

Once the kick of Biology Molecular, the study of the structure of DNA by Watson and Crick in 1953, it seemed logical that there should be a molecular theory of the origin of life. So far, it was known that cells forming of all living organisms, always originating from another cell, a process that was through cell division. Before or after cell division (or mitosis), however, should be clearly a growth-expansion process in the cell acquire the ability to divide without losing gradually the size, components and properties. Moreover, as it was known that the hereditary information of the characters are pierced through the core and, in particular, the hereditary information carried by genes, which in turn were in the DNA, it seemed logical to think that the DNA must be copied / duplicated / replicated, for the cells to "Daughters" would continue to exist . But also, as the characters that were changing were somehow inscribed in the DNA (genes), DNA seemed to be the molecule that actually have "evolved" according to the Darwinian concept, to give rise to the current species.

had to explain however, how the DNA might be capable of faithfully copied so that the characters are kept. Watson and Crick, in the same article 53, scored a hypothesis, called semiconservative replication, which postulated that as each linear strand containing the information to write the supplementary (since the pairing of AT and GC bases or Chargaff rule governing this), double chain could eventually spread to serve each one as a template for the biochemical synthesis of the complementary respectively. This fact would be shown elegantly by Meselson and Stahl in 1958.

As discussed in upcoming entries, also proved the DNA molecule in which the information was coded to guide the cellular production of other biological molecules (nearly all), so it seemed evident that he would be the preferred candidate.

Everything pointed to DNA as the most promising molecule to be the first molecule of life. The other possible competitor RNA, a molecule seemed too unstable to be the origin of anything. In addition, information was encoded RNA into DNA, and RNA was produced only from DNA. However

... it all collapsed with two discoveries, in 1965 and 1981.

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do living things are made? Genesis

Perhaps the first question that arose in the minds of the restless Greek philosophers was: What are things made of?

This question is become as natural and instinctive and yet it seems to be a purely human concern. Even children from an early age begin to disarm, bite and break everything that makes up your world in search of the fundamental pieces that make up the whole. I guess it's another example of the eternal human attempt to simplify the laws governing the universe. The concept of atoms arises precisely from ancient Greece (although there were some Eastern history in India and China), through which Democritus suggested that all matter was composed of small parts and indivisible minimum. Emerges as an abstract concept, but throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth century, the concept will take shape (with the atomic theory Dalton), culminating with the development of atomic model Rutherford, Bohr and subsequently improved by Schrödinger in the twentieth century.

However, although the whole matter seemed to be built of atoms, do the men possessed of soul-spirit-mind, perhaps they were made of the same atoms that were part of the rest of the universe? The problem was a debate so hard that it took until the twentieth century for the world's major religions recognize that there was no gift divine material part of the men (and even then admitted initially only for women and blacks within the Catholic religion and only later included men with white skin). Just to put the subject ... for the time already knew even the types of molecules that were part of all animals, plants and bacteria, including also those of men (and they were all the same), so-called organic molecules.

So, to summarize ... Men also are made of atoms, we do not have any atom or subatomic structure of our special qualities and physiologically the only thing that seems to differentiate us from other living beings are our enormous brains and our cognitive abilities and rational so extreme (at least from the scientific point). Ie, where the twentieth century it seems that all that belongs to God for our existence is the soul ... Or not? The extensive development of neuroscience, from the hand of psychology eventually brought the latter also in doubt (at least for the majority of society and finally to the scientific community).

Today the issue is almost settled, at least for the world of science and interestingly largely to the Catholic religion and most of Eastern Religions (who seem happy coincidence hajar theological epistemological the fact that all of nature and themselves we are men made of the same type of material). Unfortunately for many cults in the Middle East (where there is more consistent dogmas sects) the issue does not seem to convince the religious leaders (carriers of wisdom and knowledge of the Bible / Koran / you-name-it through the centuries of studies Religious laws).

Well ... We have drifted far ... the fact is that the history of organic matter is much more fun in itself that what actually makes our bodies ... that can actually be summarized in a few paragraphs ....

The fundamental constituents of life, in addition to water itself, are 4 types of molecules (although many derivatives that bear little resemblance to the models) ... Of the four, three appear very commonly in the form of polymers and the latter is much more constant and never appears as a polymer.

- sugars, organic molecules are relatively small, consisting mainly of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (sometimes also nitrogen or sulfur), which are much more abundant in the living structures of fungi, plants and bacteria in animals ( eye but we also have many). For example, most of the dry weight of a plant, fungus or bacteria, are sugar ... Meanwhile, most of the weight a dried animal protein. Polymers often form in which a sugar is linked through an oxygen to another, to form more or less long chains of sugars (called polysaccharide). Cellulose is the most abundant of these polymers, is forming the skeletons of all plants and is possibly the most abundant macromolecule entire Earth.

- proteins, whose primary responsibility is to accelerate chemical reactions inside living beings allowable time to make life as we know it. Polymeric in nature and its monomers are relatively small molecules called amino acids. These amino acids are formed by two carbons, one nitrogen, oxygen, and finally a side chain substituent is a molecule (there are 20 possible). Thus, there are 20 different amino acids (some very complicated) and these are strung one after another, bonded covalently by peptide bonds to form proteins (aka polypeptides). Whenever they are in the water, the electrochemical and thermodynamic properties of amino acids cause the protein to fold, burying hydrophobic regions of the macromolecule to zoom out of the water and exposing similar regions with water to stabilize in solution. This folding occurs according to a code determined by the arrangement and number of amino acids that exist in the protein, so it's always the same protein will fold the same way (approximately). The way in which a protein is folded which will determine the activity and what it will do. Thus, proteins can be structural, catalytic chemical reactions, etc., But always through three-dimensional structure will join something to exert its function (bind to very strange things sometimes ... like plastic polymers!). In fact, this ability to unimolecular catalysis at the atomic scale makes them one of the proposals promise of nanobiotechnology.

To summarize and some molecular structure of proteins (as seen in this picture), protein architecture has 4 possible levels of macromolecular structure.) The first is the simplest, the covalent bonds. The second is more complex, and one of the most interesting. Folded proteins are not random in the water, but when they do, common elements emerge, secondary architectural patterns, if we join the "backbone" of all amino acids. These patterns are in a beta sheet or alpha helix and today are known to arise primarily because they get further stabilize the thermodynamic proteins. Ternary or tertiary structure is normally what we call modules and domains. Ie, elements of secondary structure elements linked by asymmetrical (randomized or nonrandomized loops) and folded together, in an approximately globular (in most cases). Most proteins are formed by combining different domains and modules. A few proteins have also quaternary structure level, since it is able to unite diverse polypeptides in a supramolecular structure quite fat, and each of these proteins alone has domains and modules with functions, but takes on additional functions macromolecular complex when they are all present and properly attached. The example given in the picture is the blood protein hemoglobin, consisting of four globin-like proteins and four prosthetic groups (organic molecules pretty blooms, but not belonging to the protein itself).

- Lipids : large organic molecules are highly hydrophobic regions (little affinity for water, unable to form hydrogen bridge bonds or dipolar interactions), consisting mainly of carbon and hydrogen. The most common in animals, plants and bacteria are called phospholipids are amphipathic chemical structure, ie apolar hydrophobic part and a hydrophilic polar part, which allows them to form double membranes. The possibility of forming membranes has been a total change in the history of life on planet Earth, from which arise as we know, thousands of millions of years. This has allowed the biochemical reactions to be able to pass now encapsulated in compartments isolated from the environment by double membranes formed by amphipathic lipids. All living things that exist today are composed of cells that could be simplified as balloons lipid membranes that enclose the other types of macromolecules inside (which is actually how it all began for sure).

- nucleic acids: the latter type of molecule is the star of the science of mid-twentieth century onwards. The nucleic acids are so named because they are acid macromolecules chemical character (which depends on the many phosphate groups that form its skeleton) that were in structures called nuclei, present in all cells of the "superior" beings (fungi, plants and animals) and were responsible for inheritance. Within the nuclei, are mainly proteins and nucleic acids. In fact, well into the twentieth century, the great debate in biological science was what was the carrier molecule of Mendelian characters. Finally, as everyone knows, the nucleic acids were found to be those responsible, through the experiments of Avery, MacLeod and McCarty in the 40's. Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides, a sugar substituted by a group called "nucleobase" and linked to a phosphate group through the carbon in position 3 of the sugar. There are many types of nitrogen bases (the variable part of the nucleotides) are what determine the nucleotide (as the phosphate and sugar groups are relatively unchanged). The most common bases in DNA and RNA (the two types of nucleic acids) are adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine and uracil.

The names of the nucleotide monophosphate (with 1 single phosphate) are adenylate, Thymidylate, guanylate, and Uridilato cytidylate. An alternative and more common name is Adenosine Mono / Di / Tri Phosphate, Guanosine Mono / Di / Tri Phosphate, Uridine ... ... Thymidine, cytidine ... etc. Many nucleotides are one of the carbon without oxygen (reduced) in position 2 of sugar and so are called deoxyribonucleotides. DNA is made entirely of deoxyribonucleotides and hence the name deoxyribonucleic acid. The RNA is normal and therefore called ribonucleic acid. What the "ribo" comes from the name that has the axis of each nucleotide sugar called ribose.

thought to include here a brief description of the structure of DNA ... nucleic acid star .... but I'll let Watson and Crick do it for me. A delicatessen ... the original typed manuscript finally published in 1953 in Nature (UK) ... (Only the first page ... you can find the full article at Npg.com)

Although typical structure is drawn from any nucleic acid is the double-stranded DNA by Watson and Crick (the DNA called type B, hydrated and stabilized with Mg, as assumes that there is nuclear DNA in vivo ) is not the only structure that can be taken. In fact, it is known ... DNA only (from all different biomolecules composed of nucleotides) adopts the exact shape. However, it is true that virtually all nucleic acids have the ability to form (at least in some segments of its entire length) double chains similar to that of Watson and Crick.
also worth commenting that the model of Watson and Crick is a simplistic and rigid model, created when you first elucidated the three dimensional structure of DNA. Today the model is subject to numerous updates and is known as the macromolecule DNA is quite flexible, being able to open, roll, etc. like a crystal fiber (similar to a double rope coiled).

With all this it appears that the animals are already quite complex, no? However, not only water and organic molecules necessary for life. We also found, although to a lesser extent, depending on the organism, inorganic molecules and atoms as metal ions, non-metallic trace elements, etc. In most organisms, these elements have features usually associated with the catalysis of chemical reactions. But not alone, many are directly related to functions physiological (such as the transmission of electrical impulses between neurons), with structural functions (stabilization of organic macromolecules by providing positive or negative charges, etc.). Are as important or more important than some biological macromolecules, but are not exclusive to living things (such the inorganic medium incorporating the outside).

to here for now ... how these molecules interact to give rise to life we \u200b\u200bwill see in the next post ... until then!

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dedicate this first entry to create my first blog on this great home that is blogger.com

For this reason, just have the minimum necessary to understand the string of insanity that will read below (if you wish to continue reading, of course).

About the author

My name is E Alejo Rodriguez Fraticelli. I am a student of Biochemistry and soon European PhD in Molecular Biology and Biochemistry at the Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. I have to this day 22 years (since I was born on April 28, 1985, while Doc and Marty traveled back in time and returned to the future.) My interests are many that not be listed in a list here. To summarize, I am what every guy American social vulgar call a geek, or here in Spain, a geek (making reference to this anglicized and incorrectly at the end freak, which is used to describe social and physical aberrations which are not part I) .

On the subject

The best way to illustrate the theme of this blog is to refer to his name. Bionomicon neologism is a personal, borrowed from the author's mind, and built from two Greek roots: βίος ("Bios") meaning life and νόμος ("nomos") which means law or rule. This Thus, the bionómicon (as it should be correctly pronounced the title of this blog) is dedicated to collecting those laws of life and to be more inclusive and less controversial agencies in general (including viruses).

What certainly find most curious about the name of the blog is, precisely, biology, science that studies organisms (def. means any chemical structure can possess vital properties at least at some point in their existence) has always been criticized by the general lack of natural laws (there are many, eye, but less than in most of the natural sciences). This fact, probably derived from the study biology as a scientific discipline clearly separate the basic sciences (physics and chemistry) did not occur until well into the nineteenth century. Still, for some reason, many principles and theories that are not being refuted more than 200 years, have not yet reached the name of law (as an example, cell theory, although it has exceptions, applies perfectly within the limits of the vast Most of the things we might consider modern living). Others, however, were quickly rediscovered and raised to the status of law, as known, Mendel's Principles, which were rediscovered as Mendelian laws within the Biology and more specifically in the field of genetics.

So you could take the question ... Is the blog going Law Act in biology, and finally after a handful or two of entries will be empty? Too bad this guy chooses themes!

Well no ... I put the name because, as I stated before, I'm a geek , and the name is doing a little show-off for all geeks Lovecraftian will recognize the semantic analogy with the Necronomicon (as it should rightly emphasizes the Book of the Dead in Castilian).

blog really going to go about things in general related to molecular biology, genetics, bioinformatics, biophysics, bio-"Any cool root insert here", etc. In particular, try a lot about new technological advances, scientific subjects in vogue in biology, and new discoveries of importance in the general field of life sciences.

However, I am aware that many readers are not experts, much less on fundamental issues in biology (some as much recall that lymphocytes are divided mainly in T cells, B cells and NK cells). We will start with a series of lessons about life and what it is today cool to know about life (Cosmocore emulating the development of the physical-science blog from a friend, Salvador de la Puente).

So prepare your set, because as of today begins to be written .... the Bionomicon ...