Everything changes
is an undeniable fact that we change every day, such as Mercedes Sosa reminds us in his beautiful melody Everything Changes course these changes are most noticeable in the physical and just look in the mirror or find an old friend, some with less pelo a más arrugas, otros con más o menos kilos. Pero algunos de estos cambios son más difíciles de percibir, en ocasiones cambiamos nuestro rumbo en la vida y la percepción que de ella tenemos, nuestras metas, anhelos y sueños, cambios que no son físicos o materiales, más bien, son muy personales y nadie tiene porqué conocerlos. Cada año que pasa, podemos y debemos hacer un balance de lo que hicimos y lo que debíamos hacer, con la finalidad de pensar si nuestro rumbo está bien o podemos mejorarlo.
Creo que cuando se está viviendo una situación límite, esas que nos hacen meditar sobre las cuestiones trascendentales de la vida y nos obligan a valorar otras tantas, at that moment, there is a 180 degree turn in our lives and some important things that we cease to be, and they were not, become vitally important, think about the birth of a child's death of a loved one or illness itself that reminds us Charon, the eye of flame, the funeral of the troubled waters ferryman of the Styx, as Antonio Machado writes in his beautiful poem A Don Ramón del Valle-Inclán , and evidences that we are prepared to mount his gray barge. I believe that life situations do not happen by chance, but rather by causality, which we referred in other posts, and in such extreme situations, sometimes fail to distinguish what is cause and what the effect may even be both, the important thing is that what does not destroy us, makes us stronger.
must not escape our destiny, which seems impossible today is possible tomorrow, everyone will know how to carry his own cross in life are many and various shapes, people who tempt us to leave runs to try to live a more "normal." Live a life where hope is the foundation of love, well, spiritual values, wisdom and importance of the family will help us see our role and responsibility in the upcoming changes without losing our national identity.
This year just ending, we deal with in the various entries, issues, in my view, are important for life in general and important for educators in particular. In a brief mental, I remember writing about sin and disease, but more about virtues and cures; on defects and problems, but more on strengths and solutions of lies, death and despair, but more about truth, life and hope of hatred and demons, but more about love and the angels of gods, saints and myths, but more on men, wise and realities, we talked of the heavenly and earthly, the divine and profane. Anyway, my brief and humble analysis tells me that the course is good, although, like everything else, can improve and, for the year is soon to be born, I sincerely hope to have as many readers as this that give me encouragement and good wishes in exchange of some words. Link
recommended
securities and other myths sins
Wednesday, December 24, 2008
Boler Trailer Wikipedia
of saints and sages on illiteracy
On a day like today, 4 October, marks the day of San Francisco Assisi, the son of a wealthy merchant of the city in his youth, decided to live in the strictest poverty, who opened his heart to cultivate love, faith, charity and above all hope. This day is really great holiday and even be used as a reference when Pope Gregory XIII went into effect Gregorian Calendar, back in 1582 in the Catholic world. In addition, the city of Assisi, say those who have had the good fortune to visit, it's magic and every breath of air you breathe, you feel peace and harmony that can only be felt in places that have been blessed by the same nature, that to which St. Francis devoted much of his strength, and as ahead of time, be perceived in each of our ecosystem, inert or alive, a brother and like sang Atahualpa Yupanqui, had many siblings who could not tell.
But sometimes wisdom is found in the same simplicity, in some cases a short and very deep, have managed to avoid the time and neglect and provides for scholars can speak at length, for example, " Know thyself ", found in the temple of Apollo at Delphi and attributed to Thales of Miletus , and" just know that I know nothing "of Socrates, who in the name of truth accepts his own death by swallowing hemlock, a fact which somehow resembles the sacrifice of Jesus on the Cross. " Expect the unexpected. accept the unacceptable "and" Study the past to predict the future "of Confucius ," The man who can not speak, the man who speaks does not know "of Lao Tse, or" I think, therefore I am "of Descartes gave to immortalize their authors in that age of wisdom, but in these days we had at the time of knowledge and scholars.
scholar, educated and pianist Jacques Sagot, raises the need to retake the lost spirituality through a proposal that may or may sound absurd, but if you think more clearly, could be successful. He proposes that religious education should return to our schools, of course, leaving aside the creeds, he stated in the opinion article "Education and religious experience" that "Let the creeds out. I speak of religious experience. The experience of the divine. From all perspectives: anthropological, cultural, philosophical, psychological and, yes, as a mystical revelation. "Could it be a crazy idea? Personally I think not.
R ECORD in his day, as a tribute to this great saint and why not, wise, beautiful prayer attributed to him, although written in the twentieth century: " me an instrument of your peace ".
"Everybody is ignorant, what happens is that the
Stream South Park Online Scandinavia
A day like today, September 8, 1967 every year, UNESCO celebrates International Day Literacy. For this reason, I share with you some facts and reflections.
People with more and better reading habits, have larger vocabularies and thus better understand what they read, and thus be able to use what they learn. In previous posts we referred to the high levels of literacy in our country, however, these data should be analyzed carefully, because times change and needs to address these changes as well.
Although the number of people who never had contact with the educational system, and basically became known as illiterate, goes down, I technical educational lines differ illiteracy and functional illiteracy or illiterate subjects. E T here the group of individuals who started but not completed primary education and even to read and write, become part of the category known as the functionally illiterate or illiterate , that is, these people do not have the capacity to fully understand what they read or communicate clearly, both orally and in writing. An illiterate person can understand a simple message, but its mechanism reader is not able to distinguish the main idea of \u200b\u200bthe secondary ideas and concepts not know how to use reading, because among other reasons, no minimum vocabulary.
This problem is really worrying, as we raised the philosopher Arnoldo Mora: " One of the most important is formal education, especially in the last years of secondary schooling and higher education is to teach young people to think abstractly ... " , referring to education, later continuing " ... supposed to know what it is thinking and what is the appropriate method to induce the habit of thinking of a young generation more inclined to TV ... to read critically and depth even be newspapers. " (Revista Nacional de Cultura UNED, N. 55.)
The situation is worrisome functional illiterates in the first place, because it is a group that is growing every day, secondly, as they become a vulnerable group in some sectors, is exploited, do not get economic stability and this significantly affects the psychological level.
time ago it was thought sufficient to read and write, as this was the right time, however, times change and historical development of literacy has evolved, no longer seen as an objective in itself, to use as an instrument for achieving social and individual purposes and has spent more complex, from the mid-seventies, to the conceptualization of literacy as a fundamental right of individuals around the world.
Someone never entered the education system is obviously illiterate, however, one of the most common forms of functional illiteracy is contracted through disuse, ie those who lose their skills. Other groups at risk to fall in illiteracy are those who, by phenomena of social and cultural marginalization, or there is some sort of geographical isolation, as the case of our Aboriginal people are separated from written material. This misinformation causes in our country, for example, that indigenous women have serious health problems, sexual and reproductive health, for lack of a culture of prevention and ignorance, by their own customs are exploited.
The technological illiteracy refers to the inability to use new technologies in everyday life and in the workplace and does not conflict with academic education in other subjects. In other words, any person may be or become a technological illiterate, regardless of their level of education and even social class or purchasing power.
But if we delve into this subject further, we can extend the term to the field of science and a distinguished scientist said
Costa Rica both in the fight, and he is doing but sometimes shyly, to ensure that the majority of the population is not in these groups, we will meet the challenges that threaten us as independent and sovereign nation. Thus, a major challenge of education is, first, to encourage the reading habit to start a culture of information. But it must go further, you must cross the threshold of the different forms of illiteracy. The technology and science will, I feel, the most important to overcome, to reach levels of development we need and, no, that we deserve. Part of this challenge is to develop a model curriculum to strengthen the quality of education that enhances the capabilities required to insert and integrate in a world with a globalized economy where science and technology becomes stronger every day.
"The more you read, does more harm
that reads"
Miguel de Unamuno
Hannah Montana Fotos .de
knowledge is undoubtedly an input for the liberation of minds, bodies, but more importantly, you can free our minds. For one example: in the arms of the National University, called by some the university needed and opening its doors to the public in the turbulent decade of the seventies, it reads "The truth will free, "writes St. John in chapter 8 of his Gospel, in which he stated that the world benefits from the plan of salvation in the person of Christ reveals the Bible. Extrapolating, somehow we sized the importance of assimilating knowledge, and also the importance of education as a means of strengthening it and pass it on.
This release does not suit the great economic and political groups that seek to govern our destinies gaining more power and wealth at the expense of the poorer classes. This relates to the phenomenon of privatization in Latin America of the nineties, such as in Peru, where before the administration of Alberto Fujimori private education covering less than 30% after administration exceeded 70%, in the same way in Colombia, Venezuela, Argentina, among others. These data show that the State fails to consider education as a priority, and there is a great mistake is strategic and ideological, which meets the major neo-liberal interests. I think the state can not ignore the fields of Education, Health and Safety.
This phenomenon has been reflected in our country, where since the inception of the UACA, in the year 1976, 50 universities have been created private well, the percentage of graduate professional education in these centers, amounting to 61%, versus 39% of graduates who provide the four public universities (The Nation, October 15, 2006).
important thing, after reading and rereading the brief Report State of the Nation is aware of the problems and properly size first then the existence and magnitude of the gap between public and private education and thus, do not try to hide the sun with a finger. Educational realities must be taken seriously by the leaders of education, because what we give our students today will be what we contribute to the future of Costa Rica. Also, avoid the problem that has arisen in recent decades, we see that policies change when you start a new administration.
These comments are irrelevant, since the gap that exists between the public and private education has to do much with the class struggle and the struggle for equal opportunities for all who refuse to strata poor groups in power, ruling without an ethics policy, since we know that those elected must govern for all and for all, but especially those who have to worry about greatest need, ie the working class and people living in extreme poverty, overcrowding and under conditions not motivated to study, they also must worry that our children do not leave school or college to simply become economically active , as they would in low-paying jobs or jobs, without hope in the future to some type of promotion and with a clear social stagnation.
This is justified by citing the lack of budget justification that we can not accept, because since the fifties, the non-existence of an army has allowed Costa Rica to allocate more funds to education, however, always is insufficient. Recall that during the Figueres administration (1953-1958) established night schools and was in that period which opened as many schools and colleges. All this great educational process is finely strung together in chains of causality, where each effect actually happens, not by chance, the Costa Rican history teaches us, with many examples, that our great nation and its institutions have been forged by master , since the time of Juan Mora Fernandez, who was our first Head of State (1824-1833) and, before this position, he served as a principal in the city of Alajuela, succeeds another school teacher, Jose Rafael Gallegos (1833-1835, 1845-1846). After the National Campaign (1856-1857), when it exists in the environment a feeling of euphoria, freedom and prosperity, where we as a nation to secure an identity and above all, we propose a common goal, educating the people as a national north. In the year 1858, given the mandatory declaration of all classes of society and in the year 1862 states that all children aged 7 to 12 years are required to attend school. The theme of the president Jesús Jiménez (1863-1866, 1868-1870) was " The people who have more and better schools will be the best peoples." Although the professor and President Jose Joaquin Trejos Fernandez (1966-1970), was the last teacher who has held this position, the vast majority of heads of state and presidents have been professional and honest men, pacifists and humanists, believers and Democrats, from farmers to doctors, from lawyers to mathematicians, from entrepreneurs to philosophers, we have been guided by the correct path pair, only a few have been military career and that says much of the Costa Rican people has managed to maintain this democracy in a country of law, respecting the institutions. Of course it is vital to refer to the importance of educational reform undertaken by Don Mauro Fernandez in 1885, as Secretary of Public Education in the government of President Bernardo Soto.
Costa Rica has one of the highest literacy rates in Latin America, about 95%, however, believe that economic difficulties in the long term, these rates will subside if you continue to leave each time more education in the private sphere. It is important to note that literacy in our country behaves in the same percentages of men and women, this certainly makes a big difference with our neighbors to the area.
The report
State of Education talks about the gap, is mentioned as an alarming fact that rates of failure and dropout rates are higher in public education. At the national level condemnation at this level is 10.1% in public education and 1.5% in private. Regarding attrition, it is mentioned that the public primary amounts to 3.5% and in private to 1.0%. In secondary education the figures are 12.8% and 1.8% in the same order.
State of Education talks about the gap, is mentioned as an alarming fact that rates of failure and dropout rates are higher in public education. At the national level condemnation at this level is 10.1% in public education and 1.5% in private. Regarding attrition, it is mentioned that the public primary amounts to 3.5% and in private to 1.0%. In secondary education the figures are 12.8% and 1.8% in the same order.
This report mentions that these gaps are due to social inequalities within the population that can afford the cost of private education and those only have access to public institutions, not only that, take into account that many students of public education should work, so they neglect their studies. But they also can weigh factors related to quality and infrastructure, it is unclear to what extent is the difference between public and private education in other ways, such as preparation of teachers, teaching materials, which together with elements associated with quality educational process should be the subject of scholarly research.
is certainly a subject that gives to many pages, in future posts will discuss the social and technological gap between others, however, to recapitulate, I believe it is imperative to fight for this gap between public and private education is becoming increasingly close, and all our children and our children have access to quality education certified, but also enable them to stay in education until they complete their training, no doubt, this is one of the greatest challenges of education that we take seriously, carefully and quickly before this problem out of our hands. Only then will strengthen social mobility as one of the foundations of our century democracy.
Because my country is a country teachers,
close the barracks and leave our children
with books under his arm
and not with rifles on their shoulders.
reject violence.
Dr. Oscar Arias
Hot Feet Condition_symptoms
of angels and light gaps in education
What is valuable and salvageable of this is to note that in the first place, these beings known as angels, are present in many cultures and in different places and times, I personally do not think it's a coincidence, second, reading between the lines of holy books and the eyes of a believer and a scientist at the same time, we can open the door to new and beautiful worlds.
not forget to entertain strangers, for thereby some have
,
unwittingly entertained angels.
I 13: 2. 
The truth is a goal and your search should be a order for everyone, as we have mentioned in previous posts, with it we will be able to find happiness and freedom. In this search for truth and knowledge, we have different views, interpretations and paradigms and even, it is usual that in our formal educational model "truth" is not true if not "shows " , if not supported by a scientific study of humans every day we become more cerebral and less spiritual. Explain why the scent of a flower, a sunset review, interpret the smile of a baby, deciphering the smell of rain, instead of simply enjoying the gifts that life gives us.
never ceases to amaze me which the sacred books of some of the major monotheistic religions, and written long ago, with scientific information, relevant and is known only centuries later, scientists usually despise what reason can not explain. For some of the sacred books it will address in a future entry, by the time I refer to recent studies on the approaches given the speed of light in the Koran, and what is more impressive, at what speed they travel angels.
By definition, a angel is a being incorporeal, intangible that is present in many religions. His duties are basically to assist and serve God in Judaism, Christianity and Islam, they act as messengers and are credited with the role of intermediaries between divinity and humanity. For example, to the Persians an angel was commissioned to reveal the truth Zoroaster (sixth century BC) who wrote the Avesta , their holy book. To Mormons, the angel Moroni who gave the "gold plates" Joseph Smith, who published the Book of Mormon in 1830. A
classification of angels into three groups, dating from the IV and V century AD Within these three groups, the first is composed of seraphim, cherubim and thrones, the second by dominations, virtues and powers , only the third is the established relationship with humans, this is where the archangels , along with principalities and angels . Along with Michael and Raphael, the angel Gabriel Archangel is considered to be the only angels named and charged with carrying important missions.
Gabriel's name first appears in the book of Daniel (Daniel 8:15-17 ). In the Gospel of Luke, is Gabriel who announces to Mary to give birth to a child who will name Jesus (Luke 1:26-38) , this is the last time his name appears. According to ancient legend, is the angel Gabriel revealed to John the book of Revelation and it is he who blows the horn announcing the Judgement Day.
In the Talmud, Gabriel appears as the destroyer of the armies of Sennacherib, king of Assyria, around the seventh century BC The archangel Gabriel was that Joseph showed the way, was one of the angels who buried Moses . It is also the voice that told Noah to save two animals of each species on his ark before the Flood, the invisible voice that told Abraham that was not necessary to sacrifice his son Isaac, the unseen force wrestled with Jacob and also the voice of the burning bush.
In Islam the angel Gabriel in a position of privilege, as it was the medium through which God appointed Muhammad as his prophet and the angel who revealed the Koran to Mohammed . Muslims believe that Gabriel accompanied Muhammad in his ascension to heaven .
As trivia, the Koran, written in the seventh century AD, the word "angel" appears 108 times, while "angels" do it 78 times. In the Bible are the words 272 and 159 times respectively. The angel Gabriel was named in the Quran 4 times, whereas in the Bible 10 times.
'm sure, dear reader, that you know some stories about these messengers, for my part, writing these lines I remembered that my parents, when a baby stares at a point where there is nothing and smiles, say you're looking at an angel, maybe the angel of " guard" and remembered the prayer "Guardian Angel dear, do not forsake me night or day, leave me alone, I lost "I helped as a child to sleep on those hot nights in my beloved Alajuela. I also recalled the excellent movie City of Angels where the angel Seth, played by Nicolas Cage, will change all their love and immortality to feel, as a human, the caresses of his beloved, played by Meg Ryan, with music Angel background on the angelic voice of Sarah McLachlan. They came to my mind many memories from that series Road to Heaven, where an angel, played by Michael Landon, you must perform good deeds to earn his wings, to the irreverence of angel awkward and bad habits, played by John Travolta in the film Michael . I remembered the book Angels and Demons of Dan Brown with all its symbolism and controversy, and also some poems, such as
Yesterday I dreamed that God saw me and God
talked and dreamed that God could hear me ... I dreamed I dreamed
after
Antonio Machado. Also, can not forget the sad and beautiful song Angel for a final ( letter and video ) of Silvio Rodríguez, and which transcribe the first verse:
say that when a silence,
appeared between two
was an angel passing
voice robbing them
These data write simply testify that some things are present in various historical moments and revealed by the different major monotheistic faiths, even with the same name, as is the case of Gabriel. They have also been inspired by dozens of stories, films, series, among many others.
far we may share or not, the belief in the existence of beings that some have called angels, however, the following lines suggest that Muhammad, when he wrote the Koran, actually received help from a higher being.
The story of how it finally comes to calculating the speed of light is exciting, from Empedocles, Aristotle, Avicenna, Kepler, Galileo, Newton, Maxwell to Einstein with his Special Theory of Relativity , among others, discussed this issue for over two thousand years, until the speed of light was included officially in the International System of Units as constant October 21, 1983 , with the approximate value of 299,792.458 km / s. Well
in Quran, Sura 32: 5, writes: He has everything in heaven on earth. Then, all amount to Him in a Day in a thousand years of yours. Here the "thousand years of our" equivalent to 1200 lunar orbits, as each year has 12 months and each month is lunar, not relative to the Sun and in this verse refers to distance. Also in the Koran, Sura 70: 4, writes: The angels and the Spirit ascend unto Him in a day that equals fifty thousand years .
In these two verses and then apply the basic formula v = d / t, get the speed of light is 299,792.5 km / s and that indeed, the angels can travel at that speed. If you are interested in the calculations, which are made in detail, you can read the interesting article Relativity in Quran (Koran) or watch the video on YouTube " The Speed \u200b\u200bof Light " . Or, you can read The Speed \u200b\u200bof Light Calculation in Quran .
never ceases to amaze me which the sacred books of some of the major monotheistic religions, and written long ago, with scientific information, relevant and is known only centuries later, scientists usually despise what reason can not explain. For some of the sacred books it will address in a future entry, by the time I refer to recent studies on the approaches given the speed of light in the Koran, and what is more impressive, at what speed they travel angels.
By definition, a angel is a being incorporeal, intangible that is present in many religions. His duties are basically to assist and serve God in Judaism, Christianity and Islam, they act as messengers and are credited with the role of intermediaries between divinity and humanity. For example, to the Persians an angel was commissioned to reveal the truth Zoroaster (sixth century BC) who wrote the Avesta , their holy book. To Mormons, the angel Moroni who gave the "gold plates" Joseph Smith, who published the Book of Mormon in 1830. A
classification of angels into three groups, dating from the IV and V century AD Within these three groups, the first is composed of seraphim, cherubim and thrones, the second by dominations, virtues and powers , only the third is the established relationship with humans, this is where the archangels , along with principalities and angels . Along with Michael and Raphael, the angel Gabriel Archangel is considered to be the only angels named and charged with carrying important missions.
Gabriel's name first appears in the book of Daniel (Daniel 8:15-17 ). In the Gospel of Luke, is Gabriel who announces to Mary to give birth to a child who will name Jesus (Luke 1:26-38) , this is the last time his name appears. According to ancient legend, is the angel Gabriel revealed to John the book of Revelation and it is he who blows the horn announcing the Judgement Day.
In the Talmud, Gabriel appears as the destroyer of the armies of Sennacherib, king of Assyria, around the seventh century BC The archangel Gabriel was that Joseph showed the way, was one of the angels who buried Moses . It is also the voice that told Noah to save two animals of each species on his ark before the Flood, the invisible voice that told Abraham that was not necessary to sacrifice his son Isaac, the unseen force wrestled with Jacob and also the voice of the burning bush.
In Islam the angel Gabriel in a position of privilege, as it was the medium through which God appointed Muhammad as his prophet and the angel who revealed the Koran to Mohammed . Muslims believe that Gabriel accompanied Muhammad in his ascension to heaven .
As trivia, the Koran, written in the seventh century AD, the word "angel" appears 108 times, while "angels" do it 78 times. In the Bible are the words 272 and 159 times respectively. The angel Gabriel was named in the Quran 4 times, whereas in the Bible 10 times.
'm sure, dear reader, that you know some stories about these messengers, for my part, writing these lines I remembered that my parents, when a baby stares at a point where there is nothing and smiles, say you're looking at an angel, maybe the angel of " guard" and remembered the prayer "Guardian Angel dear, do not forsake me night or day, leave me alone, I lost "I helped as a child to sleep on those hot nights in my beloved Alajuela. I also recalled the excellent movie City of Angels where the angel Seth, played by Nicolas Cage, will change all their love and immortality to feel, as a human, the caresses of his beloved, played by Meg Ryan, with music Angel background on the angelic voice of Sarah McLachlan. They came to my mind many memories from that series Road to Heaven, where an angel, played by Michael Landon, you must perform good deeds to earn his wings, to the irreverence of angel awkward and bad habits, played by John Travolta in the film Michael . I remembered the book Angels and Demons of Dan Brown with all its symbolism and controversy, and also some poems, such as
Yesterday I dreamed that God saw me and God
talked and dreamed that God could hear me ... I dreamed I dreamed
after
Antonio Machado. Also, can not forget the sad and beautiful song Angel for a final ( letter and video ) of Silvio Rodríguez, and which transcribe the first verse:
say that when a silence,
appeared between two
was an angel passing
voice robbing them
These data write simply testify that some things are present in various historical moments and revealed by the different major monotheistic faiths, even with the same name, as is the case of Gabriel. They have also been inspired by dozens of stories, films, series, among many others.
far we may share or not, the belief in the existence of beings that some have called angels, however, the following lines suggest that Muhammad, when he wrote the Koran, actually received help from a higher being.
The story of how it finally comes to calculating the speed of light is exciting, from Empedocles, Aristotle, Avicenna, Kepler, Galileo, Newton, Maxwell to Einstein with his Special Theory of Relativity , among others, discussed this issue for over two thousand years, until the speed of light was included officially in the International System of Units as constant October 21, 1983 , with the approximate value of 299,792.458 km / s. Well
in Quran, Sura 32: 5, writes: He has everything in heaven on earth. Then, all amount to Him in a Day in a thousand years of yours. Here the "thousand years of our" equivalent to 1200 lunar orbits, as each year has 12 months and each month is lunar, not relative to the Sun and in this verse refers to distance. Also in the Koran, Sura 70: 4, writes: The angels and the Spirit ascend unto Him in a day that equals fifty thousand years .
In these two verses and then apply the basic formula v = d / t, get the speed of light is 299,792.5 km / s and that indeed, the angels can travel at that speed. If you are interested in the calculations, which are made in detail, you can read the interesting article Relativity in Quran (Koran) or watch the video on YouTube " The Speed \u200b\u200bof Light " . Or, you can read The Speed \u200b\u200bof Light Calculation in Quran .
What is valuable and salvageable of this is to note that in the first place, these beings known as angels, are present in many cultures and in different places and times, I personally do not think it's a coincidence, second, reading between the lines of holy books and the eyes of a believer and a scientist at the same time, we can open the door to new and beautiful worlds.
not forget to entertain strangers, for thereby some have
,
unwittingly entertained angels.
I 13: 2.
Birthday Invitation Verses
Albedo 0.39
"By the same token that measure will be measured"
San Mateo 7: 2 
Since children are used to compare quantities, a process that basically called measure. When we started this process, we make mistakes in association with the object being compared and not the units we use, so for example, no wonder the error in the rapid response to the question, what weighs more, a kilogram of feathers or one kg of iron?
The measurement is the determination of the ratio between the size of an object or event and a particular unit of measurement is to compare the unknown quantity that we identify and a known quantity, we choose as a unit.
certainly has been a necessity measure of humanity through history, man long used anthropometric units, ie as a unit of measurement, body parts: the inch, foot, the Jerne, fourth, elbow, among others. All these units are arbitrary, for each foot or inch vary in size depending on the individual. Little by little they overcome these difficulties by, as units of measure, quantities that were fixed and did not change with time. There appears meters, however, and interestingly, its initial definition given by the French Academy of Sciences in 1791 as "the ten-millionth of the distance from the center of the line of Ecuador Land" has changed several times since then (in the year 1960, a meter is equal to 1,650,763.73 wavelengths of orange-red light emitted by the atom of krypton-86, and in the year 1983 as the length traveled by light in vacuum in 1 / 299,792,458 seconds) .
important in this process is the unit of measurement used, however, does not want to lose their interest in these first lines, so I will not go into details of the systems measures rather my interest is to share some concerns on this issue, specifically on the unconventional units.
For example, the height of my body is close to 1.70 meters, or put another way, 1 meter and 70 cm, clear that if I use the foot as the unit of measure, as is customary in some countries would say that my height is close to 5.5 feet. Of course, according to what we wrote at the beginning of this entry, we must know what equals one meter or one foot for comparison. We measured
mass in kilograms (kg) is common to use the Celsius scale (or Centigrade), and in the Anglo-Saxon countries , scale Fahrenheit to measure temperature , the time is measured in years, minutes or seconds, the force in Newtons, the wage in colones, dollars or euros.
But think of when you go to buy a pair of shoes or eyeglasses, what unit uses? In the shoe store asking for a 9 or maybe a 10, will be a 43 or 44. In the view tell us that our ranking is 3 but 3 What?
Well, let's begin with a quick refresher on diopter, which is the securities unit expressing positive or negative refractive power of a lens, and is equivalent to the reciprocal or inverse of focal length in meters. The sign '+' (positive) corresponds to the convergent lenses, which correct farsightedness , and '-' (negative) to the divergent, which correct nearsightedness . Thus, a lens whose focal length +1 is the metro, have a power of 1 diopter and a +2 diopter lens is a converging lens of focal length of ½ meter.
Now to the extent of footwear, from the eighteenth century, used his own unit: point. Of course, before the adoption of the metric system, different regions had their own measure to the point, so we can talk about Paris, Berlin or the point about Vienna that they had agreed local shoemakers. The differences by region little impact until the late nineteenth century when the Industrial Revolution production changed forever and implemented the systems of mass production, where production of large amounts decreased costs. It is precisely in the early nineteenth century, thanks to the expansion of Napoleonic Empire, stretching across Europe about the use of Paris. This point is equal to 2 / 3 cm, ie 6.667 mm, with 3 points or numbers that are equivalent to 2 cm.
other hand, recall that in the early fourteenth century, Edward II, King of England, ordered three grains of barley, online, forming a inch (2.54 cm) and 12 inches formed a standing (30.48 cm), so the shoemaker shoes taken as unit equivalent to a grain of barley, ie 1 / 3 inch or 8.467 mm. Thus, the "size" 1 \u200b\u200bequals to 22 cm, or whatever it is, about 33 French.
To improve the measurement and greater precision, many countries introduced measures or points average, 3.334 mm 4.234 mm in France or in England. Moreover, in U.S. follow the English model but varies the starting point, because the scale starts before 1.116 mm, which means that compared to the English system, each number begins a little earlier, so, 11 in USA is equivalent to 10.5 in the UK (United Kingdom).
will conclude with a reminder of my youth and in fact is what motivates this entry. In the company of my brother, a passion for progressive music, often listened to the fantastic album Albedo 0.39 "by Vangelis a name and it seemed surreal. Well, today I know, and wanted to share with you the Albedo is the ratio between the intensity of the reflected light and the incident by a celestial body that does not emit light itself. Is measured with a number between 0 and 1, after establishing that 0 is the albedo of a body that reflects no light and 1 as the albedo of a body that reflects all the incident light. For example, 0.4 is the albedo of a celestial object that reflects 40% of the incoming light. The higher albedo planet in our solar system is Venus with 0.65, then Jupiter is with 0.52 and third Neptune, with 0.41. The Earth has an albedo of 0.39. The albedo of the Moon is, 08 or 8%, ie at night when we look at the moon, we are only seeing 8% of energy gives total sun dark surfaces absorb more energy and light surfaces like snow, reflect it.
Finally, the albedo is a measurement for monitoring of climate change on Earth and this enhances its importance today.
certainly has been a necessity measure of humanity through history, man long used anthropometric units, ie as a unit of measurement, body parts: the inch, foot, the Jerne, fourth, elbow, among others. All these units are arbitrary, for each foot or inch vary in size depending on the individual. Little by little they overcome these difficulties by, as units of measure, quantities that were fixed and did not change with time. There appears meters, however, and interestingly, its initial definition given by the French Academy of Sciences in 1791 as "the ten-millionth of the distance from the center of the line of Ecuador Land" has changed several times since then (in the year 1960, a meter is equal to 1,650,763.73 wavelengths of orange-red light emitted by the atom of krypton-86, and in the year 1983 as the length traveled by light in vacuum in 1 / 299,792,458 seconds) .
important in this process is the unit of measurement used, however, does not want to lose their interest in these first lines, so I will not go into details of the systems measures rather my interest is to share some concerns on this issue, specifically on the unconventional units.
For example, the height of my body is close to 1.70 meters, or put another way, 1 meter and 70 cm, clear that if I use the foot as the unit of measure, as is customary in some countries would say that my height is close to 5.5 feet. Of course, according to what we wrote at the beginning of this entry, we must know what equals one meter or one foot for comparison. We measured
mass in kilograms (kg) is common to use the Celsius scale (or Centigrade), and in the Anglo-Saxon countries , scale Fahrenheit to measure temperature , the time is measured in years, minutes or seconds, the force in Newtons, the wage in colones, dollars or euros.
But think of when you go to buy a pair of shoes or eyeglasses, what unit uses? In the shoe store asking for a 9 or maybe a 10, will be a 43 or 44. In the view tell us that our ranking is 3 but 3 What?
Well, let's begin with a quick refresher on diopter, which is the securities unit expressing positive or negative refractive power of a lens, and is equivalent to the reciprocal or inverse of focal length in meters. The sign '+' (positive) corresponds to the convergent lenses, which correct farsightedness , and '-' (negative) to the divergent, which correct nearsightedness . Thus, a lens whose focal length +1 is the metro, have a power of 1 diopter and a +2 diopter lens is a converging lens of focal length of ½ meter.
Now to the extent of footwear, from the eighteenth century, used his own unit: point. Of course, before the adoption of the metric system, different regions had their own measure to the point, so we can talk about Paris, Berlin or the point about Vienna that they had agreed local shoemakers. The differences by region little impact until the late nineteenth century when the Industrial Revolution production changed forever and implemented the systems of mass production, where production of large amounts decreased costs. It is precisely in the early nineteenth century, thanks to the expansion of Napoleonic Empire, stretching across Europe about the use of Paris. This point is equal to 2 / 3 cm, ie 6.667 mm, with 3 points or numbers that are equivalent to 2 cm.
other hand, recall that in the early fourteenth century, Edward II, King of England, ordered three grains of barley, online, forming a inch (2.54 cm) and 12 inches formed a standing (30.48 cm), so the shoemaker shoes taken as unit equivalent to a grain of barley, ie 1 / 3 inch or 8.467 mm. Thus, the "size" 1 \u200b\u200bequals to 22 cm, or whatever it is, about 33 French.
To improve the measurement and greater precision, many countries introduced measures or points average, 3.334 mm 4.234 mm in France or in England. Moreover, in U.S. follow the English model but varies the starting point, because the scale starts before 1.116 mm, which means that compared to the English system, each number begins a little earlier, so, 11 in USA is equivalent to 10.5 in the UK (United Kingdom).
will conclude with a reminder of my youth and in fact is what motivates this entry. In the company of my brother, a passion for progressive music, often listened to the fantastic album Albedo 0.39 "by Vangelis a name and it seemed surreal. Well, today I know, and wanted to share with you the Albedo is the ratio between the intensity of the reflected light and the incident by a celestial body that does not emit light itself. Is measured with a number between 0 and 1, after establishing that 0 is the albedo of a body that reflects no light and 1 as the albedo of a body that reflects all the incident light. For example, 0.4 is the albedo of a celestial object that reflects 40% of the incoming light. The higher albedo planet in our solar system is Venus with 0.65, then Jupiter is with 0.52 and third Neptune, with 0.41. The Earth has an albedo of 0.39. The albedo of the Moon is, 08 or 8%, ie at night when we look at the moon, we are only seeing 8% of energy gives total sun dark surfaces absorb more energy and light surfaces like snow, reflect it.
Finally, the albedo is a measurement for monitoring of climate change on Earth and this enhances its importance today.
"By the same token that measure will be measured"
San Mateo 7: 2
Cizia Zyke Zloto Kostaryka
The magic of numbers
On the other hand, The Bible are many passages where the number chosen is not random, for example, in Genesis 41:15-29, it speaks of 7 thin cows and 7 fat cows, in Chapter 6 of Revelation, are 7 seals are broken before they unleash the wrath of God and the angels will be 7 also that the 7 trumpets sounded to send the 7 punishment for the unjust, in the 7 horns. There are 7 gifts of the Holy Spirit (Isaiah 11:2): wisdom, understanding, counsel, fortitude, knowledge, piety and fear of God. In Revelation 15:1 it is written: " saw another sign in heaven, great and marvelous: seven angels having the seven plagues, for in them is God's wrath "of course we should not confuse these 7 with the 10 plagues that struck Egypt in the Exodus. Although actually were ten evil that Pharaoh was warned, in some states that references from only a quarter were suffered by the Egyptians and not Israelites, but the primary source, the Exodus, there is no evidence that had been the case in any event, listening to the popular saying that someone dropped the 7 plagues of Egypt when he leaves it all wrong in a long time. Other examples on the magic of numbers, you can read in Genesis 2:3, Matthew 18:21-22 and Job 1: 2-3 and 2:13.
Para muchos, el número 7 es mágico, es la unión de lo divino y lo terrenal pues es la suma del 3 y el 4, conocidos como el número divino y el número terrestre respectivamente.
En los cuentos infantiles, por ejemplo, los 7 enanos de Blancanieves o el Sastrecillo Valiente que mata a 7, moscas y no gigantes, de un solo golpe, entre otros cuentos. Además, autores como Isaac Asimov , Martin Gardner , Carl Sagan , Magnus Enzensberger con su bella obra The Number Devil (1997), Jules Verne , among many others, have used the magical quality of the numbers to mesmerize and delight all readers. The same JK Rowling does along its entire Harry Potter series, consisting of 7 books, for example, in "Half-Blood Prince", where he mentions the possibility of dividing the soul in 7 parts as "... the magic number seven is the most powerful ...."
In the film, which is known as the seventh art , we have, just to name seven films: Seven Years in Tibet , White and the Seven Dwarfs , Seven , Seven Brides for Seven Brothers , The cat's nine lives , Seven Samurai by Akira Kurosawa and Bergman's iconic film , The Seventh Seal in which a crusading knight challenges Death to a game of chess while seeking answers to key questions of life.
What is written here only for the purpose of, first, encourage curiosity about numbers and, secondly, providing us with details that we often long. Thus, this space is open to discuss the good or bad fortune of numbers, think about whether you believe or not a Tuesday 13 or Friday 13 is unlucky, then we talk ...
" Behind the walls, play the gods;
play with numbers, of which the universe is made " Le Corbusier
Many will remember the coverage given to the June 6, 2006 as some related it to what St. John writes in Revelation 13:18 which gives 666 as the number of Beast.
Others recall news and headlines some day July 7, 2007, because among other things, the number of marriages that took place at that time quadrupled other dates, the reason was very simple, this date contains three sevens (7-7-7) and the number 7 is associated with good luck, and such aid to the hope that marriage is for life and is full of love and prosperity, is not more.
culture to China, the number 8 has properties that we predict good fortune and not by chance that the next Olympic Games, organized in the nation, will be inaugurated on August 8, 2008, ie the day 8-8-8. In addition, the ceremony opening will begin at 8:08 pm
Humans have an almost infinite capacity to dream, to give life to inanimate objects and create parallel universes in our imagination, that the open eyes magically disappear. We plow with fire plows, as Jorge Debravo , suddenly we get drunk from blue at the same table sharing the delightful poetry of Julian Marchena and we know that never gets darker when will dawn, as we are reminded Isaac Felipe Azofeifa. We are able to prove that the universe expands, the atoms can disintegrate, and yet we are so naive to believe that love is housed in the heart and an arrow of Cupid enough to be born and flourish.
Many people and cultures have endorsed some numbers properties ranging from the divine to the satanic, as if they loved that store some kind of genetic information and reveal it in small doses. Well, some numbers that satisfy certain property have been studied and in some cases, have been related to religion, superstition, luck and even magic, as mentioned with the 666, 777 or the 888.
As a preamble to future contributions and new entries, today I want to refer to the number 7, which incidentally is one of my "favorites." To start, note that 7 is the capital sins (pride, covetousness, lust, anger, gluttony, envy and sloth), obviously are 7 virtues (humility, generosity, chastity, patience, temperance, charity, and diligence that are opposed, respectively , the deadly sins), 7 Sacraments, 7 the "lives" of cats (some say 9 lives), 7 days a week, 7 sages of old and 7 wonders of the world, there are 7 notes music and 7 rainbow colors (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet), in Islam there are 7 stages or heavens and Hinduism, there are 7 chakras in the human body also are 7 Archangels the . In Greek mythology, the Minotaur which Minos imprisoned in the labyrinth built by Daedalus, is offered each year 7 boys and 7 maidens of Athens. Of course the most famous dances we Dance of the 7 veils and most successful sailors, including Sinbad are those who have crossed the 7 seas (although there are more than 40 mares).
Others recall news and headlines some day July 7, 2007, because among other things, the number of marriages that took place at that time quadrupled other dates, the reason was very simple, this date contains three sevens (7-7-7) and the number 7 is associated with good luck, and such aid to the hope that marriage is for life and is full of love and prosperity, is not more.
culture to China, the number 8 has properties that we predict good fortune and not by chance that the next Olympic Games, organized in the nation, will be inaugurated on August 8, 2008, ie the day 8-8-8. In addition, the ceremony opening will begin at 8:08 pm
Humans have an almost infinite capacity to dream, to give life to inanimate objects and create parallel universes in our imagination, that the open eyes magically disappear. We plow with fire plows, as Jorge Debravo , suddenly we get drunk from blue at the same table sharing the delightful poetry of Julian Marchena and we know that never gets darker when will dawn, as we are reminded Isaac Felipe Azofeifa. We are able to prove that the universe expands, the atoms can disintegrate, and yet we are so naive to believe that love is housed in the heart and an arrow of Cupid enough to be born and flourish.
Many people and cultures have endorsed some numbers properties ranging from the divine to the satanic, as if they loved that store some kind of genetic information and reveal it in small doses. Well, some numbers that satisfy certain property have been studied and in some cases, have been related to religion, superstition, luck and even magic, as mentioned with the 666, 777 or the 888.
As a preamble to future contributions and new entries, today I want to refer to the number 7, which incidentally is one of my "favorites." To start, note that 7 is the capital sins (pride, covetousness, lust, anger, gluttony, envy and sloth), obviously are 7 virtues (humility, generosity, chastity, patience, temperance, charity, and diligence that are opposed, respectively , the deadly sins), 7 Sacraments, 7 the "lives" of cats (some say 9 lives), 7 days a week, 7 sages of old and 7 wonders of the world, there are 7 notes music and 7 rainbow colors (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet), in Islam there are 7 stages or heavens and Hinduism, there are 7 chakras in the human body also are 7 Archangels the . In Greek mythology, the Minotaur which Minos imprisoned in the labyrinth built by Daedalus, is offered each year 7 boys and 7 maidens of Athens. Of course the most famous dances we Dance of the 7 veils and most successful sailors, including Sinbad are those who have crossed the 7 seas (although there are more than 40 mares).
On the other hand, The Bible are many passages where the number chosen is not random, for example, in Genesis 41:15-29, it speaks of 7 thin cows and 7 fat cows, in Chapter 6 of Revelation, are 7 seals are broken before they unleash the wrath of God and the angels will be 7 also that the 7 trumpets sounded to send the 7 punishment for the unjust, in the 7 horns. There are 7 gifts of the Holy Spirit (Isaiah 11:2): wisdom, understanding, counsel, fortitude, knowledge, piety and fear of God. In Revelation 15:1 it is written: " saw another sign in heaven, great and marvelous: seven angels having the seven plagues, for in them is God's wrath "of course we should not confuse these 7 with the 10 plagues that struck Egypt in the Exodus. Although actually were ten evil that Pharaoh was warned, in some states that references from only a quarter were suffered by the Egyptians and not Israelites, but the primary source, the Exodus, there is no evidence that had been the case in any event, listening to the popular saying that someone dropped the 7 plagues of Egypt when he leaves it all wrong in a long time. Other examples on the magic of numbers, you can read in Genesis 2:3, Matthew 18:21-22 and Job 1: 2-3 and 2:13.
Para muchos, el número 7 es mágico, es la unión de lo divino y lo terrenal pues es la suma del 3 y el 4, conocidos como el número divino y el número terrestre respectivamente.
En los cuentos infantiles, por ejemplo, los 7 enanos de Blancanieves o el Sastrecillo Valiente que mata a 7, moscas y no gigantes, de un solo golpe, entre otros cuentos. Además, autores como Isaac Asimov , Martin Gardner , Carl Sagan , Magnus Enzensberger con su bella obra The Number Devil (1997), Jules Verne , among many others, have used the magical quality of the numbers to mesmerize and delight all readers. The same JK Rowling does along its entire Harry Potter series, consisting of 7 books, for example, in "Half-Blood Prince", where he mentions the possibility of dividing the soul in 7 parts as "... the magic number seven is the most powerful ...."
In the film, which is known as the seventh art , we have, just to name seven films: Seven Years in Tibet , White and the Seven Dwarfs , Seven , Seven Brides for Seven Brothers , The cat's nine lives , Seven Samurai by Akira Kurosawa and Bergman's iconic film , The Seventh Seal in which a crusading knight challenges Death to a game of chess while seeking answers to key questions of life.
What is written here only for the purpose of, first, encourage curiosity about numbers and, secondly, providing us with details that we often long. Thus, this space is open to discuss the good or bad fortune of numbers, think about whether you believe or not a Tuesday 13 or Friday 13 is unlucky, then we talk ...
" Behind the walls, play the gods;
play with numbers, of which the universe is made " Le Corbusier
Sladami Cizia Zyke Kostaryka
The NIM Games
on to internalize the importance of any issue is always necessary to understand its origins, its proponents, its premises and doctrines, its scope and so many other ingredients, we are able to delve into the importance of the current issue. Of course, in the case of negotiation have been written hundreds of books, articles or short essays, philosophical concepts apply it to specific fields such as management, politics, family, the right in all specialties, and also education, understood as a process that seeks the transfer of knowledge and skills that will enable us to social mobility, strengthen peace and democracy, and However, we provide the knowledge necessary to be a cultured country out of underdevelopment and so that we ankylosed, but this only serves to highlight the importance of negotiation in any process.
To highlight the importance of the above, we will discuss two areas in which addresses this issue.
First, you can observe how our country has been separated from the rest of Central America in different scenarios and thus reached levels in education, health, citizen participation, among others, higher than other countries. Much of this is that our leaders have learned with ups and downs, listen to popular clamor and needs. Except for the brief Tinoco dictatorship (1917-1919) and for a few weeks in the year 1948 due to the revolution in 1889 began a democracy in Costa Rica that has been maintained to date, where even the negotiation and pact, as they had read Machiavelli with his phrase "The covenants are made when necessary and when needed break" between the Catholic Church with Monsignor Sanabria, Manuel Mora Communist Party and the Liberation Army led by Joseph Figueres, form a trivium unthinkable at this time and gives the basis for the birth of the Second Republic. Surplus say that the vision of "Don Pepe" about the army that brought him to power and its Abolition, written in capital letters, the December 1, 1948, is what shapes the Costa Rica of the new millennium, where all local women , are sure that their son will never be a soldier and where it is possible to allocate more money to education, health and general, to meet the basic needs of Costa Ricans. Even Costa Rica is the only country where it was decided to approve a free trade agreement in a referendum, as the highest expression of popular will.
The second point, our country is the product of constant negotiation between different generations, where the old go bowing to the plight of the new, where the global has become local without imposing this finally disappear, in some so you start with coining the term glocal mutant where about rescuing our Latin American culture. In this context of a globalized world in which Costa Rica is involved, where the problems and disagreements are part of our daily lives, it is necessary to learn and know the methods and skills that enable solutions quickly, effectively and harmonic conflicts, especially if we are educators of children and youth, the future of our country, or we are in charge of running an educational institution, which are not party to a number needed to resolve conflict. For our purposes, conflicts are situations in which two or more people come into opposition or disagreement because their positions, interests, needs, desires or values \u200b\u200bare incompatible. The relationship between the parties to the conflict can be strengthened or weakened depending on how is the process of resolving these where negotiation is fundamental.
Since 2002, our country implemented a national plan for prevention and treatment of violence, which integrates some of the efforts and actions that the Ministry of Education develops around problem of violence and responds to the urgent need for policies, guidelines and new shares to address the phenomenon in a systematic, comprehensive and continuing at various levels and instances of Costa Rican education system, in coordination with other state agencies. This plan aims to promote the educational system and a new culture of relations and peace and the recognition and protection of the rights of those involved in education to reduce their vulnerability to abuse and to develop attitudes and life skills through various action strategies and teaching methods.
Teachers are committed to promoting Education for Peace in order to maintain democracy in which Costa Ricans live decades ago, the basics of trading the need to understand all citizens, including teachers who are committed to be the guarantors of transmitting a culture of social peace within and outside educational institutions.
undoubtedly are developed under different social relations between individuals throughout the history of mankind, the imposition by force is being replaced by reason and conviction, well, has gained the philosophy of force "rather convincing win" where the parties must negotiate. This negotiation can occur in many areas: in the classroom, at work, on the bus, in a restaurant, just to name a few, and the actors involved in it can be of different races, religious beliefs or political affiliations, the couples, families, neighbors, nations through treaties or alliances, peace processes or at war, in short, at all levels and in many cases, negotiation is evident in others, tacitly and imperceptible, but the truth is that part of our daily life and living.
on to internalize the importance of any issue is always necessary to understand its origins, its proponents, its premises and doctrines, its scope and so many other ingredients, we are able to delve into the importance of the current issue. Of course, in the case of negotiation have been written hundreds of books, articles or short essays, philosophical concepts apply it to specific fields such as management, politics, family, the right in all specialties, and also education, understood as a process that seeks the transfer of knowledge and skills that will enable us to social mobility, strengthen peace and democracy, and However, we provide the knowledge necessary to be a cultured country out of underdevelopment and so that we ankylosed, but this only serves to highlight the importance of negotiation in any process.
To highlight the importance of the above, we will discuss two areas in which addresses this issue.
First, you can observe how our country has been separated from the rest of Central America in different scenarios and thus reached levels in education, health, citizen participation, among others, higher than other countries. Much of this is that our leaders have learned with ups and downs, listen to popular clamor and needs. Except for the brief Tinoco dictatorship (1917-1919) and for a few weeks in the year 1948 due to the revolution in 1889 began a democracy in Costa Rica that has been maintained to date, where even the negotiation and pact, as they had read Machiavelli with his phrase "The covenants are made when necessary and when needed break" between the Catholic Church with Monsignor Sanabria, Manuel Mora Communist Party and the Liberation Army led by Joseph Figueres, form a trivium unthinkable at this time and gives the basis for the birth of the Second Republic. Surplus say that the vision of "Don Pepe" about the army that brought him to power and its Abolition, written in capital letters, the December 1, 1948, is what shapes the Costa Rica of the new millennium, where all local women , are sure that their son will never be a soldier and where it is possible to allocate more money to education, health and general, to meet the basic needs of Costa Ricans. Even Costa Rica is the only country where it was decided to approve a free trade agreement in a referendum, as the highest expression of popular will.
The mere
fact live in a democracy, where the law protects journalists, where they can move freely, where they breathed in every corner of individual freedom, is that in this beautiful country, we have a culture of negotiation, all level and has criticized the tax to make room for reconciliation, where negotiation is important for the successful completion of any dispute.
fact live in a democracy, where the law protects journalists, where they can move freely, where they breathed in every corner of individual freedom, is that in this beautiful country, we have a culture of negotiation, all level and has criticized the tax to make room for reconciliation, where negotiation is important for the successful completion of any dispute.
The second point, our country is the product of constant negotiation between different generations, where the old go bowing to the plight of the new, where the global has become local without imposing this finally disappear, in some so you start with coining the term glocal mutant where about rescuing our Latin American culture. In this context of a globalized world in which Costa Rica is involved, where the problems and disagreements are part of our daily lives, it is necessary to learn and know the methods and skills that enable solutions quickly, effectively and harmonic conflicts, especially if we are educators of children and youth, the future of our country, or we are in charge of running an educational institution, which are not party to a number needed to resolve conflict. For our purposes, conflicts are situations in which two or more people come into opposition or disagreement because their positions, interests, needs, desires or values \u200b\u200bare incompatible. The relationship between the parties to the conflict can be strengthened or weakened depending on how is the process of resolving these where negotiation is fundamental.
Since 2002, our country implemented a national plan for prevention and treatment of violence, which integrates some of the efforts and actions that the Ministry of Education develops around problem of violence and responds to the urgent need for policies, guidelines and new shares to address the phenomenon in a systematic, comprehensive and continuing at various levels and instances of Costa Rican education system, in coordination with other state agencies. This plan aims to promote the educational system and a new culture of relations and peace and the recognition and protection of the rights of those involved in education to reduce their vulnerability to abuse and to develop attitudes and life skills through various action strategies and teaching methods.
Teachers are committed to promoting Education for Peace in order to maintain democracy in which Costa Ricans live decades ago, the basics of trading the need to understand all citizens, including teachers who are committed to be the guarantors of transmitting a culture of social peace within and outside educational institutions.
"I join with powerful allies
precious objects and silk offering
and agree with solemn covenants.
respect treaties and so
tell I have the assurance that with your help "
The Art of War, Sun Tsu, V century BC
Watch Online Elvis Starring Kurt Russell
analysis and logic as well as some basic knowledge about numbers, are key to the study of the different strategies of popular games such as chess , playing cards, craps and many more, this time talk of a special family of games of strategy, known as NIM. These can be used as a good methodological tool in the classroom or simply to bring our children to mathematics in our own homes.
The origin of this type of games are located several millennia ago, and practiced in the steppes of central Asia. It is not really a board game, because originally it was played on the ground, with objects found in the same place as rocks, sticks, grains, among others. On these games, you can see [2] and [3] , especially interesting article on teaching math games of Miguel de Guzman, which displays a precise and rigorous historical The various types of games and its utility in education, beyond the mere recreational activity.
In different games we'll see, when we speak of objects relates to toothpicks, beans, coins, among others. A good strategy to solve the games NIM is to study the simpler games to try to discover the pattern that determines which of the two players wins (The beginning or the second).
They lend themselves to discuss properties on the numbers, they can enjoy discovering the winning strategy and are fit to play for all audiences. The rules for these games can be modified by changing the number of objects at the beginning, the number of objects that can be taken on every play or if you take the last object wins or loses. Starting, of course, on the premise that they are playing their best, always look for the best hand possible.
Here are some variations NIM game, taken from [2]. All games offered are for two people necessarily have a winner and all have a finite number of moves. For these games, the game turn alternates.
Game 1. Start with ten objects. In his turn may take one or two items. The player who removes the last object wins.
Game 2. Start with fifteen objects. On your turn you can take one, two or three objects. In analyzing the game, the player who holds a pair of objects.
Game 3. Start with three sets of objects. One of three, a five and a third group of seven objects. On your turn you can take a whole group or only a part of it. The player who takes the last purpose of the latter group wins.
Game 4. Place eight objects in a row. When is your turn to take one or two objects, but if you take two, they must be adjacent. Whoever takes the last object wins.
NIM
A typical player can not move, for example, when there are more pieces to take, is a defeat, however, this rule can be changed and thereby obtain significant changes in planning strategy.
Game 5. Same as above, but the person can not move wins, ie you are playing an inverted version of the previous game, except the player taking the last lost object.
Game 6. Start with a group of thirteen objects. In turn, separate the group into two unequal heaps, ie with different numbers of objects. If you can not, you lose.
For example, in my turn I can separate the group of 13 into two groups of six and seven. Now it's your turn. You can separate the group of seven groups of six and one, or five-two or three and four. You can also separate group of six in one and five or two and four. It is not possible to separate it into three and three. The game is over when there are only groups of two and an object.
The example below is made thinking of currencies, however, this game can use any object that has two different faces, face call them A and B.
Game 7. Start with a row of ten coins with the A side up. In turn, you must turn a coin, ie, face B up, and also has the option of turning any other currency that is to the left of the first to invest. If you can not play, that is, all currencies are in the B-side up, loses.
Both players should be looking at the row of coins from the same side, so that the direction "left" is the same. Let's review the rules of this game. In your turn you can flip a coin or two. The second currency, the optional-can be turned to face to get up.
For example, if I flip the coin five, you can turn seven and flip the coin flip the coin also five to return to stay with the A side up. Note that the last coin on the right, the ten, can only be turned once, since it has no currency on the right.
Game 8. Consider the following game: With an initial amount of 40 stones, players can, at every turn, remove 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 stones at will and who wins takes the last stone. If we assume that A and B play and you start to play A. What is the winning strategy for A?
In a forthcoming contribution, I will continue with several sets of type NIM, related to some interesting properties of integers.
The origin of this type of games are located several millennia ago, and practiced in the steppes of central Asia. It is not really a board game, because originally it was played on the ground, with objects found in the same place as rocks, sticks, grains, among others. On these games, you can see [2] and [3] , especially interesting article on teaching math games of Miguel de Guzman, which displays a precise and rigorous historical The various types of games and its utility in education, beyond the mere recreational activity.
In different games we'll see, when we speak of objects relates to toothpicks, beans, coins, among others. A good strategy to solve the games NIM is to study the simpler games to try to discover the pattern that determines which of the two players wins (The beginning or the second).
They lend themselves to discuss properties on the numbers, they can enjoy discovering the winning strategy and are fit to play for all audiences. The rules for these games can be modified by changing the number of objects at the beginning, the number of objects that can be taken on every play or if you take the last object wins or loses. Starting, of course, on the premise that they are playing their best, always look for the best hand possible.
Here are some variations NIM game, taken from [2]. All games offered are for two people necessarily have a winner and all have a finite number of moves. For these games, the game turn alternates.
Game 1. Start with ten objects. In his turn may take one or two items. The player who removes the last object wins.
Game 2. Start with fifteen objects. On your turn you can take one, two or three objects. In analyzing the game, the player who holds a pair of objects.
Game 3. Start with three sets of objects. One of three, a five and a third group of seven objects. On your turn you can take a whole group or only a part of it. The player who takes the last purpose of the latter group wins.
Game 4. Place eight objects in a row. When is your turn to take one or two objects, but if you take two, they must be adjacent. Whoever takes the last object wins.
NIM
A typical player can not move, for example, when there are more pieces to take, is a defeat, however, this rule can be changed and thereby obtain significant changes in planning strategy.
Game 5. Same as above, but the person can not move wins, ie you are playing an inverted version of the previous game, except the player taking the last lost object.
Game 6. Start with a group of thirteen objects. In turn, separate the group into two unequal heaps, ie with different numbers of objects. If you can not, you lose.
For example, in my turn I can separate the group of 13 into two groups of six and seven. Now it's your turn. You can separate the group of seven groups of six and one, or five-two or three and four. You can also separate group of six in one and five or two and four. It is not possible to separate it into three and three. The game is over when there are only groups of two and an object.
The example below is made thinking of currencies, however, this game can use any object that has two different faces, face call them A and B.
Game 7. Start with a row of ten coins with the A side up. In turn, you must turn a coin, ie, face B up, and also has the option of turning any other currency that is to the left of the first to invest. If you can not play, that is, all currencies are in the B-side up, loses.
Both players should be looking at the row of coins from the same side, so that the direction "left" is the same. Let's review the rules of this game. In your turn you can flip a coin or two. The second currency, the optional-can be turned to face to get up.
For example, if I flip the coin five, you can turn seven and flip the coin flip the coin also five to return to stay with the A side up. Note that the last coin on the right, the ten, can only be turned once, since it has no currency on the right.
Game 8. Consider the following game: With an initial amount of 40 stones, players can, at every turn, remove 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 stones at will and who wins takes the last stone. If we assume that A and B play and you start to play A. What is the winning strategy for A?
In a forthcoming contribution, I will continue with several sets of type NIM, related to some interesting properties of integers.
"God does not play dice"
Albert Einstein
References [1] Guzman, Miguel. games in teaching math , Spain.
[2] Erickson, Timothy. Bored of the typical NIM?, Proceedings of the First Festival of Mathematics, Costa Rica, 1998.
[3] T. Murillo Manuel and Gonzalez A. Fabio. Number Theory , Editorial Tecnológica, Costa Rica, 2006.
[4] T. Murillo Manuel et al. A mosaic chess, education, mathematics and the Internet, Costa Rica, 2001.
Kateplayground Streeming
negotiation
On February 29, is special because it is the day we added every 4 years at our calendar . It is known the term leap year, but do you know about the "leap second" because on these two I will comment briefly on today's post.
In general, a calendar divides time and grouped into different periods or intervals. The Gregorian calendar was the result of following the stars, parallel to the mathematical development that combines cultural traditions inherited or imposed, and adjustments made for its completion.
Over the years, achieved a better accuracy in the calculation of length of the year and consequently the defects of the Julian calendar. In 1582 Pope Gregory XIII appointed the Italian astronomer Christopher Clavius, working on calendar reform, specifically with regard to leap years, since the time of year is not exactly 365.25 days, but 365 days 5 hours 49 minutes and 16 seconds, according to the astronomical tables prepared by the Academy of Toledo in the thirteenth century, by express order of Alfonso X the Wise (1221-1284), king of Castile and Leon. (Today we know with more precisely, that the duration of the year is 365 days, 5 hours, 48 \u200b\u200bminutes and 46.15 seconds)
line with the recommendations of Clavius, Pope Gregory XIII decreed that:
In general, a calendar divides time and grouped into different periods or intervals. The Gregorian calendar was the result of following the stars, parallel to the mathematical development that combines cultural traditions inherited or imposed, and adjustments made for its completion.
Over the years, achieved a better accuracy in the calculation of length of the year and consequently the defects of the Julian calendar. In 1582 Pope Gregory XIII appointed the Italian astronomer Christopher Clavius, working on calendar reform, specifically with regard to leap years, since the time of year is not exactly 365.25 days, but 365 days 5 hours 49 minutes and 16 seconds, according to the astronomical tables prepared by the Academy of Toledo in the thirteenth century, by express order of Alfonso X the Wise (1221-1284), king of Castile and Leon. (Today we know with more precisely, that the duration of the year is 365 days, 5 hours, 48 \u200b\u200bminutes and 46.15 seconds)
line with the recommendations of Clavius, Pope Gregory XIII decreed that:
- will leap that year whose number is divisible by 4, except the secular year, multiples of 100, which will be leap years only if divisible by 400. (For example, 1900 was not a leap year, 2000 does what it was, but by 2100 will not be)
- As from the effective date of the Julian calendar had been considered as leap years should not be and had already an accumulated error of 10 days, would be removed 10 days to the calendar: the day following October 4, 1582 (the feast of St. Francis of Assisi) would be called to be 15 October (this year is the year 1582 shortest Christianity, with 355 days, and days 5 to 14 October of that year did not exist).
According to astronomical studies, the timing is advanced a little to the Sun, each year he wins 26 seconds, which equates to one day every 3323 years. Thus, it is likely that you lost a day when the year 4000. For this small difference has been established additional rules , Which is that multiples of 4000 years are not leap years. Finally, these rules are mentioned, they define who is known as Gregorian calendar.
Finally, and always related to the issue of correcting the deficiencies that could generate the shape of measuring time, remember that the number of seconds in a day is 60 x 60 x 24 = 86400, during each day of week, and during each week of the year.
is known that the tides are the product of the gravitational force exerted by the Moon on Earth, this effect is greater on the part of Earth that is opposite in the opposite side. The result of this effect is small lengthening of the Earth in the direction of the Moon, which has a greater effect on the liquid mass of the solid part, this occurs twice a day the tides . Water bodies produce friction with the lower parts of the sea, and this friction transforms the energy into heat, ie the Earth is losing rotational energy.
As clearly explained Isaac Asimov, loss of turnover is not easily noticed, but to astronomers this means that a star observed in a position in a given time, there is now a significant shift , the same applies to the eclipses. When the rotation Earth is 0.9 seconds behind in adding a leap second to make the planet is in sync again, which is useful and necessary for navigation, for telecommunications and for astronomy.
was created in 1972 resynchronization system on the planet, at that time were added 10 seconds to make the adjustment, ie, a curious fact, the longest year of our era is 1972 in addition to being a leap year, is I added 10 seconds. Since 1972 until now they have added a total of 33 of these second, known as Leap always late June to late December, the second youngest of them in 1998 and 31 December 2005 Added the last of them.
For more details on this subject, I recommend the article "Of Time and the Calendars where plenty of useful information and answers to questions such as: What is a day and what a year? , What has been the longest year and what the shortest of our era, that is, after Christ, and also what year was 445 days?, why, in Russia, the so-called October Revolution of 1917 held in November?, why the present order of the seven days of the week?, Why October is not the eighth month and September is the seventh month as the name suggests?, Why February has 28 days, What fact or significant event occurred on October 7, 1582 in Italy? , what year was Jesus Christ? among others.
"- So now that the planet makes one revolution every minute
I have not a second of rest.
- It's strange, last day here a minute!
- It is strange, "said the lamplighter. A month ago and we chatted.
- A month?
- Yes, thirty minutes. Thirty days! Good night, "repeated the lamplighter."
The Prince
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